Use of the SARC-F Score as an Aid in Fragility Fractures Prevention / O uso do escore SARC-F como auxiliar na prevenção de fraturas por fragilidade

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to relate the strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls (SARC-F) score with the presence or absence of fragility fracture in the population over 60 years of age. Methods The risk of sarcopenia was determined through the application of the SARC-F questionnaire, and the patients were divided into 2 groups, according to the occurrence or not of fragility fracture (n = 100). Results Thirty-two cases of distal radius fractures and eighteen cases of proximal femur fractures were identified. A higher score on the SARC-F is determinant between having or not a fragility fracture, estimating that for each point in the score there is a 70% increase in the chance of a patient having a fracture, regardless of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Conclusion There was a direct correlation between a higher score on the SARC-F and an increase in the chance of fragility fracture.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo relacionar o escore strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls (SARC-F) com a presença ou não de fratura por fragilidade na população acima de 60 anos. Métodos O risco de sarcopenia foi determinado por meio da aplicação do questionário SARC-F, sendo os pacientes divididos em 2 grupos, de acordo com a ocorrência ou não de fratura por fragilidade (n = 100). Resultados Foram levantados 32 casos de fratura de rádio distal e 18 casos de fratura de fêmur proximal. Uma maior pontuação no SARC-F determina bem entre ter ou não ter fratura por fragilidade, estimando que a cada ponto a mais no escore há um acréscimo de 70% na chance de o paciente ter fratura, independentemente da idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Conclusão Houve correlação direta entre uma maior pontuação no SARC-F e aumento na chance de fratura por fragilidade.

Analysis of COL1A1 and COL1A2 gene variants in two fetuses with osteogenesis imperfecta / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis of two fetuses with an osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) phenotype.@*METHODS@#Two fetuses diagnosed at the Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College respectively on June 11, 2021 and October 16, 2021 were selected as the study subjects. Clinical data of the fetuses were collected. Amniotic fluid samples of the fetuses and peripheral blood samples of their pedigree members were collected for the extraction of genomic DNA. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were carried out to identify the candidate variants. Minigene splicing reporter analysis was used to validate the variant which may affect the pre-mRNA splicing.@*RESULTS@#For fetus 1, ultrasonography at 17+6 weeks of gestation had revealed shortening of bilateral humerus and femurs by more than two weeks, in addition with multiple fractures and angular deformities of long bones. WES revealed that fetus 1 had harbored a heterozygous c.3949_3950insGGCATGT (p.N1317Rfs*114) variant in exon 49 of the COL1A1 gene (NM_000088.4). Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), it was classified as a pathogenic variant (PVS1+PS2+PM2_Supporting) for disrupting the downstream open reading frame resulting in premature translational termination, being de novo in origin, and lacking records in the population and disease databases.For fetus 2, ultrasonography at 23 weeks of gestation also revealed shortening of bilateral humerus and femurs by one and four weeks, respectively, in addition with bending of bilateral femurs, tibias and fibulas. Fetus 2 had harbored a heterozygous c.1557+3A>G variant in intron 26 of the COL1A2 gene (NM_000089.4). Minigene experiment showed that it has induced skipping of exon 26 from the COL1A2 mRNA transcript, resulting in an in-frame deletion (c.1504_1557del) of the COL1A2 mRNA transcript. The variant was inherited from its father and had been previously reported in a family with OI type 4. It was therefore classified as a pathogenic variant (PS3+PM1+PM2_Supporting+PP3+PP5).@*CONCLUSION@#The c.3949_3950insGGCATGT (p.N1317Rfs*114) variant in the COL1A1 gene and c.1557+3A>G variant in the COL1A2 gene probably underlay the disease in the two fetuses. Above findings not only have enriched the mutational spectrum of OI, but also shed light on the correlation between its genotype and phenotype and provided a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for the affected pedigrees.

Apresentação clínica de osteogênese XV em um menino brasileiro de 4 anos / Clinical presentation of osteogenesis imperfecta XV in a four-year-old brazilian boy

Introdução: Osteogênese Imperfeita (OI) é uma doença genética rara com fragilidade óssea. A classificação inclui muitos tipos. Além do risco de recorrência, o manejo pode variar com o tipo de OI. Relato do caso: Apresentamos um paciente do sexo masculino nascido com 39 semanas, de pais não consanguíneos e saudáveis. A hidrocefalia foi diagnosticada no pré-natal. Com 50 dias de vida, detectamos muitas fraturas e calos ósseos. O teste molecular identificou uma deleção em homozigose do éxon 4 do gene WNT1. Considerações finais: Concluímos que o caso apresentado tinha características clínicas de OI XV, e o teste molecular foi fundamental para o diagnóstico preciso e aconselhamento genético.

Introduction: Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disease with bone fragility. The classification includes many types. In addition, the risk of a recurrence, the management can vary with the kind of OI. Case report: We report a male patient born at 39 weeks from non-consanguineous healthy parents. The patient was diagnosed with Hydrocephalus at prenatal. At 50 days of life, we detected many fractures and bone calluses. The molecular test identified a homozygous deletion of exon 4 of the WNT1 gene. Final considerations: We conclude this case had clinical features of OI XV, and the molecular test was fundamental for the precise diagnosis and the genetic counseling.

Uso de protocolos de examen radiográfico para la evaluación diagnóstica de la osteogénesis imperfecta / Use of radiographic examination protocols for diagnostic evaluation of osteogenesis imperfecta

RESUMEN La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI), también conocida como enfermedad de los huesos de cristal, es una enfermedad rara, causada principalmente por mutaciones en los genes COL1A1 y COL1A2. Aunque el 85-90% de los eventos son causados por mutaciones en el propio colágeno, las formas recesivas pueden ser el resultado de otros defectos. Dado que pueden ocurrir hallazgos similares entre la OI y otras enfermedades, es necesario un diagnóstico diferencial para una adopción más rápida de los tratamientos apropiados. Debido a la necesidad constante de exámenes, estos pacientes tienen más probabilidades de tener complicaciones por la radiación ionizante, por lo que es muy importante cumplir estrictamente con todos los requisitos de protección radiológica. OBJETIVO Verificar la existencia de protocolos de imagen utilizados en el diagnóstico de la OI y describir las técnicas radiográficas involucradas en el proceso. METODOLOGIA Se trata de un estudio cualitativo en el que se utilizaron las revistas PubMed, BIREME, CAPES y ScienceDirect, con el objetivo de verificar la presencia de investigaciones dirigidas a la creación de protocolos de imagen para auxiliar el diagnóstico de la OI. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: Si bien ha demostrado ser de gran utilidad, debido a los riesgos a los que están expuestos los pacientes con OI, el uso de herramientas que liberan radiaciones ionizantes debe ser monitoreado constantemente. Por lo tanto, los protocolos deben revisarse para que, incluso con una reducción de la dosis, no se pierda la resolución y el detalle de la imagen.

ABSTRACT: The osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a rare disease, mainly caused by mutations in genes COL1A1 and COL1A2. Although 85-90% of events are caused by mutations in collagen itself, the recessive forms may be the result of other defects. Since similar findings may occur between OI and other diseases, a differential diagnosis is required for faster adoption of appropriate treatments. Due to the constant need for tests, these patients are more likely to have complications due to ionizing radiation, so it is very important to strictly comply with all radiological protection requirements. OBJETIVO To verify the existence of imaging protocols used in the diagnosis of OI and to describe the radiographic techniques involved in the process. METHODOLOGY This is a qualitative study in which PubMed, BIREME, CAPES y ScienceDirect databases were used, with the objective of verifying the presence of research aimed at the creation of imaging protocols to assist in the diagnosis of OI. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS Although it has proved very useful, because of the risks to which patients with OI are exposed, the use of tools that release ionizing radiation should be monitored constantly. With this, the protocols should be reviewed so that even with a dose reduction, the resolution and detail of the image are not lost

Analysis of LRP5 gene variants in a Chinese pedigree affected with Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis for a Chinese pedigree with two individuals suffering from congenital blindness.@*METHODS@#Clinical data and peripheral blood samples of the pedigree were collected. Whole exome sequencing was carried out. Suspected variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. Pathogenicity of candidate variants was validated through searching of PubMed and related databases, and analyzed with bioinformatics software.@*RESULTS@#Both patients had congenital blindness and a history of multiple fractures. Other features have included microphthalmia and cornea opacity. One patient had normal intelligence, whilst the other had a language deficit. Both patients were found to harbor compound heterozygous variants of the LRP5 gene, namely c.1007_1015delGTAAGGCAG (p.C336X), c.4400G>A (p.R1467Q) and c.4600C>T (p.R1534X). The first one was derived from their mother, whilst the latter two were derived from their father. None of the three variants was detected in their elder sister.@*CONCLUSION@#The compound heterozygous variants of c.1007_1015delGTAAGGCAG (p.C336X) and c.4600C>T (p.R1534X) of the LRP5 gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of the Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome in this pedigree. The clinical significance of the c.4400G>A (p.R1467Q) variant has remained uncertain. Above finding has enriched the mutational spectrum of Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome.

Identification of pathogenic variant and preimplantation genetic testing for a Chinese family affected with osteogenesis imperfecta / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To identify the pathogenic variant for a husband with osteogenesis imperfecta and provide preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for the couple.@*METHODS@#High-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing were carried out to identify the pathologic variant in the husband patients. PGT of embryos was performed through direct detection of the mutation site. Meanwhile, chromosome aneuploidy of the blastocysts was screened. Following transplantation, cytogenetic and genetic testing of fetal amniotic fluid sample was carried out during mid-pregnancy. Chromosome copy number variant (CNV) was detected at multiple sites of the placenta after delivery.@*RESULTS@#The husband was found to harbor heterozygous c.544-2A>G variant of the COL1A1 gene. The same variant was not detected in either of his parents. PGT revealed that out of three embryos of the couple, one was wild-type for the c.544-2A site but mosaicism for duplication of 16p13.3.11.2. The other two embryos were both heterozygous for the c.544-2A>G variant. Following adequate genetic counseling, the wild-type embryo was transplanted. Amniotic fluid testing confirmed that the fetus had normal chromosomes and did not carry the c.544-2A>G variant. The copy number of chromosomes at different parts of placenta was normal after birth.@*CONCLUSION@#For couples affected with monogenic disorders, e.g., osteogenesis imperfecta, direct detection of the mutation site may be used for PGT after identifying the pathogenic variant. After adequate genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis must be carried out to ensure the result.

Repetitive stress fracture: a warning sign of genetic susceptibility to fracture? A case report of a heterozygous variant in SERPINF1

SUMMARY The occurrence of fractures in young individuals is frequently overlooked by physicians, especially when associated with exercise or trauma. Nevertheless, multiple fractures should always be investigated since underlying conditions can predispose to such events. We describe here the case of a young, healthy woman who sustained multiple fractures in the lower limbs, which were initially considered to be "stress fractures". Further investigation, including a panel of genes associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, revealed that the patient is a heterozygous carrier of a SERPINF1 variant. According to criteria recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology, this variant is classified as likely benign (PM2, PP3, PP4, BP1, and BP4). The patient's mother and brother were also asymptomatic carriers of the variant and had sustained previous minor fractures. The patient had normal biochemical profile and bone density. This condition has been rarely described and is not associated with low bone mineral density or altered bone turnover markers. This case highlights the importance of investigating multiple fractures in young patients who are otherwise healthy since these may be a warning sign of rare genetic conditions associated with fragility fractures.

Osteogénesis Imperfecta / Osteogenesis Imperfecta

La osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) es un grupo de trastornos del tejido conectivo que genera anomalías esqueléticas caracterizadas por fragilidad y deformidades óseas. Las características genéticas son variables y se han descrito nuevos subgrupos los últimos años agregando información a las clasificaciones tradicionales. Su incidencia es de 1/10.000 a 20.000 RN vivos. Existe un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas, que van desde una leve fragilidad ósea, en niños asintomáticos, hasta versiones que son letales al momento de nacer. El diagnóstico es principalmente clínico y debe diferenciarse de otras anomalías del esqueleto que producen fragilidad y de lesiones por maltrato infantil. El tratamiento es multidisciplinario y está orientado a mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Para lo que se debe mejorar la densidad ósea, a través de medicamentos, buena musculatura y cargas fisiológicas. Las fracturas se tratan con períodos cortos de inmovilización y carga precoz, o con cirugías que limiten el tiempo de inmovilización. Por otro lado, las deformidades esqueléticas deben tratarse en forma quirúrgica utilizando osteosíntesis que sean extensibles y mantengan la corrección a medida que el niño crece. El manejo coordinado de los distintos profesionales involucrados es de gran importancia para lograr los mejores resultados en esta enfermedad crónica que involucra al niño y todo su entorno

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a group of connective tissue disorders involved in skeletal abnormalities characterized by bone fragility and deformities. Genetic abnormalities are variable and new subgroups have been described recently, adding information to traditional classifications. There is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild bone fragility, in otherwise asymptomatic children, to versions that are lethal at birth. Its incidence is 1/10.000-20.000 newborns. The diagnosis is mainly clinical and must be distinguished from other skeletal abnormalities and child abuse. The treatment is multidisciplinary, and it is aimed to improve the quality of life of patients. For which the bone density must be improved, through medications, strong musculature, and physiological loads. Fractures are treated by immobilizing for short periods, trying to load at soon as possible, or by surgeries that limit immobilization time. On the other hand, skeletal deformities should be treated surgically using dynamic rods that are extensible and maintain correction as the child grows. The coordinated management of the different professionals involved is of the utmost importance to achieve the best results in this chronic disease that involves the child and his entire environment

Postural balance, handgrip strength and mobility in Brazilian children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta

Abstract Objective To describe postural balance, handgrip strength and mobility in children and adolescents with different types of osteogenesis imperfecta. Methods Cross-sectional study. Fifty selected subjects diagnosed with types I (n = 11), III (n = 21), and IV (n = 18), followed up at Brazilian reference center for osteogenesis imperfecta in the Midwest region, aged 2-21 years (9.2 ± 5.0), were enrolled in this study. Children and adolescents were evaluated for postural balance in the upright position with eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions, handgrip strength and the mobility domain (Pediatric Dysfunction Assessment Inventory). Data normality and difference between groups was verified. Results Handgrip strength was significantly lower in people with type III of osteogenesis imperfecta when compared to the osteogenesis imperfecta types I and IV, and to the age-specific reference data. Center of pressure length and mean velocity in the condition with eyes closed were worse compared to the open-eyes condition for children and adolescents with type I of osteogenesis imperfecta. There were worse results in the mobility domain for the participants classified with the most severe type of osteogenesis imperfecta. Conclusions It was observed that the severity of the osteogenesis imperfecta disease affected handgrip strength and locomotor function assessed by the mobility domain. Comparing osteogenesis imperfecta types, the higher the severity of osteogenesis imperfecta, the lower the handgrip strength. These results can contribute to new strategies of treatment focused on improving functional capacity and quality of life in people with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Analysis of COL1A1 gene variation and clinical prevention and treatment in patients with Van der Hoeve syndrome / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical phenotype, treatment and prevention of Van der Hoeve syndrome, and analyze the variation characteristics of its related gene COL1A1. Methods: Hearing and sequencing data of syndromic deafness patients who had undergone genetic testing for deafness at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital since January 2008 to October 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The variation of the COL1A1 gene and return visits to traceable patients and families were summarized, the disease progress and clinical treatment effects were analyzed, and the prevention strategies were discussed. Results: A total of 7 patients with COL1A1 gene mutation underwent clinical intervention. The mutation sites were c.1342A>T (p.Lys448*), c.124C>T (p.Gln42*), c.249insG(p.Ala84*), c.668insC(p.Gly224*), c.2829+1G>C, c.1081C>T (p.Arg361*), c.1792C>T (p.Arg598*), of which c.1081C>T and c.1792C>T had been previously reported, and the remaining 5 were novo mutations that have not been reported. All the 7 probands underwent stapes implantation and received genetic counseling and prevention guidance. Conclusions: Van der Hoeve syndrome belongs to osteogenesis imperfecta type Ⅰ. The disease has high penetrance. Timely surgical intervention for hearing loss can improve the life quality in patients. Accurate genetic counseling and preimplantation genetic diagnosis can achieve the primary prevention for the disease.

Tratamiento integral y control a 12 años de paciente con Dentinogénesis Imperfecta tipo I / Manejo clínico e seguimento de 12 anos em paciente com Dentinogênese Imperfeita tipo I / Clinical management and 12 years follow up in a patient with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta type I

La Dentinogénesis Imperfecta es una anomalía dentaria determinada genéticamente y caracterizada clínicamente por una apariencia ámbar opalescente de la dentina. Se presenta la resolución clínica, con seguimiento y control a 12 años de un paciente de 3 años de edad al momento de la consulta, con diagnóstico de Dentinogénesis Imperfecta tipo I asociada a Osteogénesis Imperfecta tipo IB. La identificación temprana de esta entidad y el tratamiento oportuno y multidisciplinario, contribuyen a mejorar el pronóstico de la misma.

Dentinogênese Imperfeita é uma anormalidade dentária geneticamente determinada, caracterizada clinicamente pela aparência opalescente e translúcida da dentina. Manejo clínico e seguimento de 12 anos são relatados, em um paciente de 3 anos com Dentinogênese Imperfeita tipo I associado à Osteogenesis Imperfecta tipo IB. O diagnóstico precoce.

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta is a geneti-cally determinated dental abnormality, characterized clinically by opalescent and translucent appearance of the den-tin. Clinical management and a 12 years follow up are reported, in a 3 years old patient with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta type I associated with Osteogenesis Im-perfecta type IB. The earlier diagnosis and the opportune and multidisciplinary treatment, led to improve the prognosis.

Análise orofacial de indivíduos com Osteogênese Imperfeita: índices radiomorfométricos, dimensão fractal do osso mandibular e má oclusão / Orofacial analysis of individuals with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: radiomorphometric indices, fractal dimension of the mandibular bone and malocclusion

A Osteogênese Imperfeita (OI) é uma doença genética rara, caracterizada por ossos frágeis com fraturas recorrentes. Na maioria dos casos a OI, é causada por mutações nos genes COL1A1 ou COL1A2 os quais codificam o colágeno tipo I. Mutações em novos genes envolvidos na via do metabolismo ósseo têm sido descobertas. A OI está associada a alterações dentárias e craniofaciais, sendo as mais prevalentes a dentinogênese imperfeita e a má oclusão. A literatura tem mostrado que é possível predizer o risco de fratura óssea ao analisarmos índices radiomorfométricos e dimensão fractal (DF) da mandíbula em radiografias panorâmicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se há diferenças no padrão de oclusão, na cortical e no trabeculado ósseo mandibular de indivíduos com OI quando comparados com indivíduos sem OI. Desse modo, a tese conta com a apresentação de dois artigos científicos. O primeiro artigo objetivou analisar dois índices radiomorfométricos, o índice cortical mandibular (ICM) e o índice mentual (IM), e a DF do trabeculado ósseo mandibular de indivíduos com OI e comparar com indivíduos sem OI. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, pareado por idade e sexo, com 20 indivíduos com OI e 40 sem OI. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de radiografias panorâmicas de pacientes com OI e sem OI atendidos na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFMG (protocolo 02470518.3.0000.5149). O teste t pareado (p <0,05) foi usado para comparar os valores de IM e DF. O teste do qui-quadrado (p <0,05) comparou o ICM entre os grupos. A média de idade de ambos os grupos foi 13,10 anos (± 6,57). O valor médio do IM foi de 2.08 (±0.79) no grupo de indivíduos com OI e 2.91 (±0.60) para indivíduos sem OI (p<0,001). O valor médio de DF do grupo OI [0.3248 (±0.7240)] foi inferior ao do grupo sem OI [0.3814 (±0.5587)] no côndilo mandibular (p=0,002). O grau C3 do ICM foi mais frequente entre os indivíduos com OI (p <0,001). Indivíduos com OI apresentaram valores menores nos IM e DF, além de pior morfologia da cortical mandibular. O segundo artigo, uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise (já publicada), objetivou avaliar se indivíduos com OI são mais afetados por má oclusão do que indivíduos normotípicos. Foi realizada uma busca nas principais bases. A avaliação do risco de viés e a análise da força de evidência foram conduzidas. Em comparação com indivíduos sem OI, o grupo com OI teve 19,69 vezes mais chance de apresentar má oclusão de Classe III de Angle (OR = 19,69, IC: 9,00­43,09) e apresentar maior mordida cruzada anterior (MD = 6,08, CI: 2,40­9,77). Indivíduos sem OI tiveram um ângulo ANB (MD= 3,88, IC: 1,15­6,61) e ângulo SNA (MD = 2,11, IC: 0,24­3,98) significativamente maiores em comparação com indivíduos com OI. Nenhuma diferença entre os grupos foi encontrada para SNB (MD = −0,50, IC: −2,21 a 1,21) e mordida aberta (MD = 0,98, IC: −0,29 a 2,25). A maioria dos estudos incluídos teve qualidade metodológica moderada. A força da evidência foi baixa ou muito baixa. A ocorrência de má oclusão Classe III de Angle e mordida cruzada anterior foi maior entre os indivíduos com OI em comparação com aqueles sem OI.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic disease characterized by fragile bones with recurrent fractures. In most cases, OI is caused by mutations in the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes which encode type I collagen. Mutations in new genes involved in the bone metabolism pathway have been discovered. OI is associated with dental and craniofacial alterations, the most prevalent being dentinogenesis imperfecta and malocclusion. The literature has shown that it is possible to predict the risk of bone fracture when analyzing radiomorphometric indices and fractal dimension (FD) of the mandible in panoramic radiographs. The objective of this research was to verify if there are differences in the occlusion pattern, in the cortical and in the mandibular bone trabeculate of individuals with OI when compared to individuals without OI. Thus, the thesis has the presentation of two scientific articles. The first article aimed to analyze two radiomorphometric indices, the mandibular cortical index (MCI) and the mentual index (MI), and the FD of the mandibular bone trabeculate of individuals with OI and compare with individuals without OI. A cross-sectional study, matched by age and sex, was carried out with 20 individuals with OI and 40 without OI. Data were obtained through panoramic radiographs of patients with OI and without OI treated at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at UFMG (protocol 02470518.3.0000.5149). Paired t-test (p < 0.05) was used to compare MI and DF values. The chi-square test (p < 0.05) compared the ICM between groups. The mean age of both groups was 13.10 years (± 6.57). The mean value of MI was 2.08 (±0.79) in the group of individuals with OI and 2.91 (±0.60) for individuals without OI (p<0.001). The mean FD value of the OI group [0.3248 (±0.7240)] was lower than that of the group without OI [0.3814 (±0.5587)] in the mandibular condyle (p=0.002). ICM grade C3 was more frequent among individuals with OI (p<0.001). Individuals with OI had lower MI and DF values, in addition to worse mandibular cortical morphology. The second article, a systematic review and meta-analysis (already published), aimed to assess whether individuals with OI are more affected by malocclusion than normotypic individuals. A search was carried out in the main bases. Risk of bias assessment and strength of evidence analysis were conducted. Compared with individuals without OI, the group with OI was 19.69 times more likely to have Angle Class III malocclusion (OR = 19.69, CI: 9.00­ 43.09) and to have greater anterior crossbite (MD = 6.08, CI: 2.40­9.77). Subjects without OI had a significantly greater ANB angle (MD= 3.88, CI: 1.15­6.61) and SNA angle (MD= 2.11, CI: 0.24­3.98) compared to subjects with hi. No difference between groups was found for SNB (MD = −0.50, CI: −2.21 to 1.21) and open bite (MD = 0.98, CI: −0.29 to 2.25). Most of the included studies were of moderate methodological quality. The strength of the evidence was low or very low. The occurrence of Angle Class III malocclusion and anterior crossbite was higher among individuals with OI compared to those without OI.

Indivíduos com doenças genéticas raras que afetam o desenvolvimento esquelético: vulnerabilidade aos problemas bucais / Individuals with rare genetic diseases that affect skeletal development: vulnerability to oral problems

Os indivíduos com doenças genéticas raras podem apresentar alterações no sistema nervoso e/ou musculoesquelético, inclusive comprometimento cognitivo, distúrbios neuropsicomotores, más formações craniofaciais e alterações oclusais e dentárias. Posição alterada dos dentes na arcada, alterações na estrutura óssea e na formação dentária, quando associadas a uma dieta cariogênica e a uma escovação deficiente, podem atuar como fatores predisponentes às doenças cárie e gengivite. As Mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) e a Osteogênese Imperfeita (OI) são doenças raras que afetam o desenvolvimento esquelético. Alterações físicas e motoras presentes na maioria dos indivíduos com essas doenças podem aumentar a dificuldade para realização da higiene bucal. Além disso, o desconhecimento de grande parte dos cirurgiões-dentistas em relação às doenças genéticas raras, dificulta muito o acesso dessa parcela da população para atendimento odontológico tanto na rede pública quanto na rede privada. Isso torna esses indivíduos mais vulneráveis aos problemas bucais quando comparados a indivíduos com outras deficiências e à população normotípica. O objetivo da pesquisa foi comparar indivíduos brasileiros com doenças genéticas raras com envolvimento esquelético e indivíduos sem doenças raras em relação à prevalência de problemas bucais. Além disso, objetivou-se sintetizar as modalidades do tratamento ortodôntico e da cirurgia ortognática para correção da má oclusão em indivíduos com OI. Desse modo, a tese conta com a apresentação de dois artigos científicos, sendo um estudo transversal e uma revisão sistemática. O artigo 1 objetivou comparar a prevalência de problemas bucais de indivíduos brasileiros com doenças genéticas raras que afetam o desenvolvimento esquelético e indivíduos sem doenças raras. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, pareado por idade e sexo, com 210 indivíduos [105 com doença genética rara: MPS (n=27) / OI (n=78) e 105 sem doença rara], na faixa etária de dois a 57 anos e os pais/responsáveis. O grupo com doenças raras foi recrutado em ambulatórios médicos de serviços especializados ou de referência em doenças genéticas raras, de cinco estados brasileiros (Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo). Os indivíduos sem doença rara foram recrutados em outros ambulatórios dos mesmos hospitais. Os grupos foram examinados quanto a má oclusão, anomalias dentárias, cárie dentária e gengivite. Os pais/responsáveis responderam um questionário sobre aspectos individuais, sociodemográficos, comportamentais, história médica e odontológica dos indivíduos com doença rara e sem doença rara. O Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) foi utilizado para identificar possíveis variáveis de confusão. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE 01480212.4.0000.5149 [MPS] / CAAE 54755516.4.0000.5149 [OI]). Foi realizada a análise descritiva e modelos de regressão logística binária não-ajustados e ajustados (Odds Ratio, método Conditional Backward, IC95%). A média de idade dos indivíduos examinados foi de 14,2 anos (± 12,3). No modelo final permaneceram as variáveis doença genética rara, cor da pele e renda familiar. Apenas a variável doença genética rara foi associada com os problemas bucais. Indivíduos com doença genética rara apresentaram 12,9 vezes mais chance de ter algum problema bucal (IC95% 3,7- 44,7), em comparação com indivíduos sem doença rara. Concluiu-se que indivíduos com doença genética rara apresentaram maior prevalência de problemas bucais quando comparados a indivíduos sem doença rara. O artigo 2 objetivou sintetizar, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, as modalidades de tratamento ortodôntico, cirurgia ortognática e a combinação de ambos os tratamentos, para a correção de má oclusão em indivíduos com OI. A busca em bases de dados identificou 22 artigos, contabilizando 28 casos clínicos. A má oclusão foi considerada grave em 11 casos, com registros de overjet negativo entre 9 e 26 mm. O tratamento ortodôntico foi realizado em quatro casos, a cirurgia ortognática em cinco e o tratamento ortodôntico associado à cirurgia ortognática em 19 casos. Concluiu-se que o tratamento das más oclusões é viável em indivíduos com OI. Quando devidamente indicado, esse tratamento pode proporcionar resultados estéticos e funcionais satisfatórios e com estabilidade adequada.

Individuals with rare genetic diseases may present changes in the nervous and/or musculoskeletal system, including cognitive impairment, neuropsychomotor disorders, craniofacial malformations, and occlusal and dental changes. Altered tooth position in the arch, changes in bone structure and tooth formation, when associated with a cariogenic diet and poor brushing, can act as predisposing factors for caries and gingivitis. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) are rare diseases that affect skeletal development. Physical and motor changes present in most individuals with these diseases can increase the difficulty in performing oral hygiene. In addition, the lack of knowledge of most dentists about rare genetic diseases makes it very difficult for this portion of the population to have access to dental care in both the public and private networks. This makes these individuals more vulnerable to oral problems when compared to individuals with other disabilities and the normotypical population. The aim of the study was to compare Brazilian individuals with rare genetic diseases with skeletal involvement and individuals without rare diseases about the prevalence of oral problems. The other aim was to synthesize the modalities of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery to correct malocclusion in individuals with OI. Thus, the thesis has the presentation of two scientific articles, being a cross- sectional study and a systematic review. Article 1 aimed to compare the prevalence of oral problems in Brazilian individuals with rare genetic diseases that affect skeletal development and individuals without rare diseases. A cross-sectional study, paired by age and sex, was carried out with 210 individuals [105 with rare genetic disease: MPS (n=27) / OI (n=78) and 105 without rare disease], aged from two to 57 years and parents/guardians. The group with rare diseases was recruited from medical clinics of specialized or reference services in rare genetic diseases, in five Brazilian states (Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo). Individuals without rare diseases were recruited from other outpatient clinics in the same hospitals. The groups were examined for malocclusion, dental anomalies, tooth decay and gingivitis. Parents/guardians answered a questionnaire on the individual, sociodemographic, behavioral, medical and dental history of individuals with rare diseases and without rare diseases. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) was used to identify possible confounding variables. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (CAAE 01480212.4.0000.5149 [MPS] / CAAE 54755516.4.0000.5149 [OI]). Descriptive analysis and unadjusted and adjusted binary logistic regression models were performed (Odds Ratio, Conditional Backward method, 95%CI). The average age of the individuals examined was 14.2 years (± 12.3). The variables rare genetic disease, skin color and family income remained in the final model. Only the rare genetic disease variable was associated with oral problems. Individuals with a rare genetic disease were 12.9 times more likely to have an oral problem (95%CI 3.7-44.7), compared to individuals without a rare disease. It was concluded that individuals with a rare genetic disease had a higher prevalence of oral problems when compared to individuals without a rare disease. Article 2 aimed to synthesize, through a systematic review, the modalities of orthodontic treatment, orthognathic surgery and the combination of both treatments for the correction of malocclusion in individuals with OI. The search in databases identified 22 articles, accounting for 28 clinical cases. Malocclusion was considered severe in 11 cases, with negative overjet recordings between 9- and 26- mm. Orthodontic treatment was performed in four cases, orthognathic surgery in five, and orthodontic treatment associated with orthognathic surgery in 19 cases. It was concluded that the treatment of malocclusions is feasible in individuals with OI. When properly indicated, this treatment can provide satisfactory aesthetic and functional results and with adequate stability.

Preimplantation genetic testing for a couple where the husband is affected by osteogenesis imperfecta combined with balanced translocation using karyomapping technique / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To carry out preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for a couple where the husband was affected by osteogenesis imperfecta combined with balanced translocation using the karyomapping technique.@*METHODS@#Blastocysts were detected using karyomapping, the carrier status of COL1A1 c.760G>A (p.Gly254Arg) variant and the carrier status of the translocated chromosome were analyzed simultaneously.@*RESULTS@#For a total of 10 blastocysts, two euploid blastocysts were found to not carry the COL1A1 c.760G>A (p.Gly254Arg) variant but a balanced translocation. After transplanting one of the blastocysts, clinical pregnancy was achieved. Amniocentesis at 18th gestational week and prenatal genetic testing was in keeping with the result of PGT.A healthy female was born at 40+4 weeks gestation.@*CONCLUSION@#For patients simultaneously carrying genetic variant and balanced chromosomal translocation, PGT can be performed with efficiency by the use of karyomapping method.

Observed Frequency and Characteristics of Hearing Loss in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

ABSTRACT Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare group of genetic disorders affecting connective tissue, with consequent bone fragility, frequent fractures and skeletal deformity. Depending on the type, patients can have blue sclera, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and hearing loss. Aim: To determine the frequency, type and audiometric characteristics of hearing loss in a group of patients with OI. Material and Methods: A prospective cohort study was completed. A clinical and diagnostic hearing evaluation with tympanometry, acoustic stapedial reflex, pure-tone and speech audiometry were performed. Results: Thirty patients completed the study; mean age of 22 years (range 6-63 years). Sixty seven percent had a type I OI. Overall, nine (30%) patients had hearing loss (15/60 ears). Of these, six had bilateral hearing loss. Of the 15 affected ears, six showed conductive hearing loss, five sensorineural hearing loss, and four mixed hearing loss. Patients with hearing loss were older than patients with normal hearing. Only one pediatric patient developed hearing loss. Of the ears without hearing loss, 13% did not have an acoustic stapedial reflex. Conclusions: In this group of patients with OI, 30% had hearing loss and among those ears with normal hearing, 13% did not have an acoustic stapedial reflex. Patients with OI should be monitored for hearing loss.

Antecedentes: La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) es un grupo raro de trastornos genéticos que afectan al tejido conectivo, con la consiguiente fragilidad ósea, fracturas frecuentes y deformidad esquelética. Según el tipo, los pacientes pueden presentar escleras azules, dentinogénesis imperfecta e hipoacusia. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia, tipo y características audiométricas de la hipoacusia en un grupo de pacientes con OI. Material y Métodos: Se completó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se realizó una evaluación clínica, y de la audición con timpanometría, reflejo estapedial, audiometría tonal y logoaudiometría. Resultados: Treinta pacientes completaron el estudio; edad media de 22 años (rango 6-63 años). El 67% tenía una OI tipo I. Nueve pacientes (30%) tuvieron hipoacusia (15/60 oídos). De estos, seis tenían hipoacusia bilateral. De los 15 oídos afectados, seis tenían hipoacusia de conducción, cinco hipoacusia neurosensorial y cuatro hipoacusia mixta. Los pacientes con hipoacusia eran mayores que los pacientes con audición conservada. Sólo un paciente pediátrico desarrolló hipoacusia. De los oídos sin hipoacusia, el 13% tenía un reflejo estapedial ausente. Conclusiones: En este grupo de pacientes con OI, el 30% tenía hipoacusia. Además, el 13% de los oídos con audición normal no tenía reflejo acústico estapedial. Los pacientes con OI deben ser monitoreados para detectar hipoacusia.

Bladder and bowel symptoms experienced by children with osteogenesis imperfecta / Sintomas urinários e intestinais apresentados por crianças com osteogênese imperfeita

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence and presentation of bladder, bowel, and combined bladder and bowel symptoms experienced by children with osteogenesis imperfecta and to describe the socio-demographic and clinical profile of these children. Method: A descriptive study was conducted with a convenience sample of parent-child pairs of toilet-trained children aged from 3 to 18 years. Pairs were interviewed using three tools: (1) Socio-Demographic and Clinical Questionnaire; (2) Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System; (3) Rome III Criteria along with the Bristol Stool Scale. Data were stratified by socio-demographic and clinical variables and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Thirty-one parent-child pairs participated in the study; 38.7% (n = 12) children reported bowel symptoms, 19.4% (n = 6) reported a combination of bladder issues (such as holding maneuvers and urgency) and bowel symptoms (such as hard or painful bowel movements and large diameter stools). There were no reports of isolated bladder issues. Among the child participants, 16 (51.7%) identified as female and 20 (64.5%) were 5-14 years old. The most prevalent type of osteogenesis imperfecta was type III (n = 12; 38.7%) and eight (25.8%) children reported using a wheelchair. Conclusion: This is the first study to examine the prevalence and presentation of bladder, bowel, and combined bladder and bowel symptoms in children with osteogenesis imperfecta, offering a preliminary socio-demographic and clinical profile of these children. This research is an important step toward effective screening, detection, and access to care and treatment, especially for clinicians working with this group of very fragile patients.

Resumo Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e a apresentação de sintomas urinários, intestinais e urinários e intestinais combinados sofridos por crianças com osteogênese imperfeita e descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico dessas crianças. Método: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo com uma amostra de conveniência de pares de pais-filhos de crianças treinadas para usar o banheiro com idades entre três e 18 anos. Os pares foram entrevistados utilizando três instrumentos: 1) o Questionário Sociodemográfico e Clínico; 2) o questionário Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System; 3) os Critérios de Roma III juntamente com a Escala de Bristol para Consistência de Fezes. Os dados foram estratificados por variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e analisados com estatísticas descritivas. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 31 pares de pais-filhos, 38,7% (n = 12) crianças relataram sintomas intestinais, 19,4% (n = 6) relataram uma combinação de problemas urinários (como segurar e urgência miccional) e sintomas intestinais (como fezes duras ou evacuações dolorosas e fezes de grande dimensão). Não houve relatos de problemas urinários isolados. Entre as crianças, 16 (51,7%) eram meninas e 20 (64,5%) tinham entre 5 e 14 anos. O tipo mais prevalente de osteogênese imperfeita foi o III (n = 12; 38,7%) e 8 (25,8%) crianças relataram usar cadeira de rodas. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro estudo a examinar a prevalência e a apresentação de sintomas urinários, intestinais e urinários e intestinais combinados em crianças com osteogênese imperfeita e que mostra um perfil sociodemográfico e clínico preliminar dessas crianças. Nossa pesquisa é um passo importante com relação ao efetivo rastreamento, detecção e acesso ao cuidado e tratamento, principalmente para os profissionais de saúde que trabalham com esse grupo de pacientes tão frágeis.

¿A qué pregunta responde "el hueso"?: una cuestión de direccionalidad estructural y organización biológica (hueso y huesos, del big-bang a la osteoporosis) / To which question is 'bone' the answer?: a matter of structural directionality and biological organization (bone and bones, from the big bang to osteoporosis)

La "razón de ser" de nuestros huesos y esqueletos constituye un dilema centralizado en los conceptos biológicos de "estructura" y "organización", cuya solución necesitamos comprender para interpretar, diagnosticar, tratar y monitorear correctamente las osteopatías fragilizantes. Últimamente se ha reunido conocimiento suficiente para proponer aproximaciones razonables a ese objetivo. La que exponemos aquí requiere la aplicación de no menos de 6 criterios congruentes: 1) Un criterio cosmológico, que propone un origen común para todas las cosas; 2) Un criterio biológico, que explica el origen común de todos los huesos; 3) Un enfoque epistemológico, que desafía nuestra capacidad de comprensión del concepto concreto de estructura y del concepto abstracto de organización, focalizada en la noción rectora de direccionalidad espacial; 4) Una visión ecológica, que destaca la importancia del entorno mecánico de cada organismo para la adecuación de la calidad mecánica de sus huesos a las "funciones de sostén" que les adjudicamos; 5) Una correlación entre todo ese conocimiento y el necesario para optimizar nuestra aptitud para resolver los problemas clínicos implicados y 6) Una jerarquización del papel celular en el manejo de las interacciones genético-ambientales necesario para asimilar todo el problema a una simple cuestión de organización direccional de la estructura de cada hueso. Solo aplicando estos 6 criterios estaríamos en condiciones de responder a la incógnita planteada por el título. La conclusión de esta interpretación de la conducta y función de los huesos debería afectar el fundamento de la mayoría de las indicaciones farmacológicas destinadas al tratamiento de la fragilidad ósea. (AU)

The nature of the general behavior of our bones as weight-bearing structures is a matter of two biological concepts, namely, structure and organization, which are relevant to properly interpret, diagnose, treat, and monitor all boneweakening diseases. Different approaches can be proposed to trace the corresponding relationships. The one we present here involves six congruent criteria, namely, 1) a cosmological proposal of a common origin for everything; 2) a biological acknowledgement of a common origin for all bones; 3) the epistemological questioning of our understanding of the concrete concept of structure and the abstract notion of organization, focused on the lead idea of directionality; 4) the ecological insight that emphasizes the relevance of the mechanical environment of every organism to the naturally-selected adjustment of the mechanical properties of their mobile bones to act as struts or levers; 5) The clinical aspects of all the alluded associations; 6) The central role of bone cells to control the genetics/ environment interactions of any individual as needed to optimize the directionality of the structure of each of his/her bones to keep their mechanical ability within physiological limits. From our point of view, we could only solve the riddle posed by the title by addressing all of these six criteria. The striking conclusion of our analysis suggests that the structure (not the mass) of every bone would be controlled not only to take care of its mechanical ability, but also to cope with other properties which show a higher priority concerning natural selection. The matter would be that this interpretation of bone behavior and 'function' should affect the rationales for most pharmacological indications currently made to take care of bone fragility. (AU)

Regional drinking water composition effects on hip fracture risk: a spatial analysis of nationwide hospital admissions in Portugal, from 2000 to 2010 / Efeitos da composição regional da água potável no risco de fratura do fêmur: uma análise espacial das admissões hospitalares em Portugal, de 2000 a 2010

Abstract Geographical variation on hip fractures (HF) may be related to the geographical variation of drinking water composition (DWC); minerals in drinking water may contribute to its fragility. We aim to investigate the effects of DWC on HF risk in Portugal (2000-2010). From National Hospital Discharge Register we selected admissions of patients aged ≥50 years, diagnosed with HF caused by low/moderate energy traumas. Water components and characteristics were selected at the municipality level. A spatial generalized additive model with a negative binomial distribution as a link function was used to estimate the association of HF with variations in DWC. There were 96,905HF (77.3% in women). The spatial pattern of HF risk was attenuated after being adjusted for water parameters. Results show an indirect association between calcium, magnesium, and iron and HF risk but no clear relation between aluminum, cadmium, fluoride, manganese, or color and HF risk. Regarding pH, the 6.7pH and 7pH interval seems to pose a lower risk. Different dose-response relationships were identified. The increase of calcium, magnesium, and iron values in DWC seems to reduce regional HF risk. Long-term exposure to water parameters, even within the regulatory limits, might increase the regional HF risk.

Resumo A variabilidade espacial existente na fratura do colo do fêmur (FCF) pode estar relacionada com a variabilidade geográfica da composição da água para consumo (CAC), devido à ação dos minerais na fragilidade óssea. O objetivo do artigo foi investigar o efeito da CAC no risco de FCF em Portugal (2000-2010). Do registo nacional de altas hospitalares, foram selecionadas todas as admissões em indivíduos ≥50, com diagnóstico de FCF causado por trauma de baixo/moderado impacto. Os componentes e características da água foram usados ao nível do município. Um modelo espacial aditivo generalizado, com a distribuição binomial negativa como função de ligação, foi usado para estimar a associação de FCF e as variações da CAC. Foram selecionadas 96.905 FCF (77,3% em mulheres). O padrão espacial de risco de FCF foi atenuado após ser ajustado pelos parâmetros da CAC. Os resultados mostraram uma associação indireta com cálcio, magnésio e ferro. No entanto, com alumínio, cádmio, fluoreto, manganês e cor, a associação com o risco não foi clara. O intervalo de pH de 6,7 a 7 parece apresentar um menor risco. Foram identificadas diferentes dose-resposta. O aumento do cálcio, magnésio e ferro na CAC parece reduzir o risco regional de FCF. Uma exposição a longo prazo, mesmo obedecendo aos limites impostos por lei, parece aumentar o risco regional de FCF.

Integralidade do cuidado para indivíduos com doenças genéticas raras que afetam o desenvolvimento esquelético: fatores associados ao acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal / Integrality of care for individuals with rare genetic diseases affecting skeletal development: factors associated with access to oral health service

As doenças genéticas raras são consideradas eventos patológicos de origem genética de baixa ocorrência e com ampla diversidade de sinais e sintomas. Geralmente, indivíduos acometidos com doenças raras apresentam alterações musculares, esqueléticas e do sistema nervoso central. Muitas manifestações orofaciais são comuns nessa parcela da população, que, na grande maioria das vezes, apresenta dificuldade de acesso ao tratamento odontológico adequado. O conceito de integralidade do cuidado é amplamente discutido tanto nas práticas na área da saúde, quanto nas discussões relacionadas à compreensão do ser humano, de sua condição integral e não parcial. Este estudo objetivou identificar fatores associados ao acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal para indivíduos com doença genética rara e sem doença genética rara. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, pareado por sexo e idade, com 140 indivíduos [70 com doença genética rara - Mucopolissacaridoses (n=29) / Osteogênese Imperfeita (n=41) - e 70 sem doença genética rara] e os pais/responsáveis. A amostra foi selecionada em dois hospitais referência para pacientes com doenças raras em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil. Os pais/responsáveis responderam um questionário sobre aspectos individuais (sexo, idade, cor da pele e escolaridade dos pais/responsáveis) e história médica e odontológica do filho (infecções respiratórias, uso rotineiro de medicamentos, acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal). O tipo de doença rara (MPS ou OI) foi confirmado pelo prontuário médico do paciente. O acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal foi analisado por meio da questão "Seu filho já foi ao dentista?" Os participantes com doença rara e sem doença rara foram examinados quanto à cárie dentária, má oclusão, anomalias dentárias e higiene bucal. Foi construído um modelo teórico por meio de Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) para identificar possíveis variáveis de confusão na associação entre doenças raras e acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Foram realizadas análises de regressão logística condicional não-ajustada e ajustada (p<0,05). A faixa etária dos indivíduos examinados foi de três a 27 anos, com média de idade de 10,3 anos (±6,5). A chance de o indivíduo sem doença genética rara ter acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal foi 5,32 vezes maior (IC95%: 2,35-12,01). Indivíduos sem episódios de infecções das vias aéreas superiores (menos de seis meses) apresentaram 3,16 vezes maior chance de terem acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal (IC95%: 1,45-6,90). Concluiu-se que indivíduos sem doença rara e sem história de infecções das vias aéreas superiores (menos de seis meses) apresentaram maior chance de pertencerem ao grupo de indivíduos com acesso ao serviço de saúde bucal

Rare genetic diseases are considered pathological events of low-occurrence genetic origin and with wide diversity of signs and symptoms. Generally, individuals affected with rare diseases present muscle, skeletal and central nervous system alterations. Many orofacial manifestations are common in this part of the population, that in the vast majority of time it has difficulty accessing adequate dental treatment. The concept of comprehensive care is widely discussed both in health practices, then discussions related to the understanding of the human being, of his integral and non-partial condition. This study aimed to identify factors associated with access to oral health service for individuals with rare genetic disease and without rare genetic disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted, matched by sex and age, with 140 individuals [70 with rare genetic disease - Mucopolysaccharidosis (n=29) / Osteogenesis Imperfect (n=41) - and 70 without rare genetic disease] and parents/guardians. The sample was selected in two reference hospitals for patients with rare diseases in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Parents/guardians answered a questionnaire about individual aspects and medical and dental history of the child. Participants with rare disease and without rare disease were examined for dental caries, malocclusion, dental anomalies and oral hygiene. The theoretical model of the Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) was used to identify possible confounding variables in the association between rare diseases and access to oral health service. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Federal University of Minas Gerais. Unadjusted and adjusted conditional logistic regression analyzes were performed (p<0.05). The age group of the individuals examined was three to 27 years, with a mean age of 10.3 years (±6.5). The chance of the individual without rare genetic disease belonging to the group with access to oral health service was 5.32 times higher (IC95%: 2.35-12.01). Individuals without episodes of upper airway infections (less than six months) were 3.16 times more likely to be in the group with access to oral health service (IC95%: 1.45-6.90). It was concluded that individuals without rare disease and without history of upper airway infections (< 6 months) were more likely to belong to the group of individuals with access to oral health services.